ANAS Volume 11, Number 14: December, 2017
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Oil Leakage Detection Using Various Thicknesses Technique
Ayad Z. Mohammed, Bushra R.Mahdi, Aseel H.Ajlan
ABSTRACT
Solid core PCF (LMA-10) is dependent which based on the principle of the Mach Zender interference to detect the leakage of oil bearing pipes. The basic structure of the sensor includes small pieces with different lengths of the solid core photonic Crystal fiber spliced with the using traditional single mode fibers (SMF-25) by molten splice in both sides. The air holes at the fusion zone are completely collapsed, allowing the core cladding patterns to irritate and recombine the core cladding.The pipes different thickness causes wavelengths shifting and variation in the sensor intensity. The immediate phenomenon caused by erosion is the pipeline wall thickness decreasing. The pipeline wall thickness decreasing could be reflected by the obtained hoop strain depending on the theory principle that hoop strain is proportion conversely with pipeline wall thickness. The PVC and the steel pipe patterns are utilized to simulate the pipeline with uniform erosion. In this paper a sensor of three different length is used (2, 2.5, 3) cm and examined to know the most sensitive sensor to pipe thickness change <Leak> at temperature (36 ° C) where the leakage is known by a change in the external intensity or radiation deviation to the red shift area, and the calculation of the stress generated by cracks which is inversely proportional to the pipe wall thickness. The experimental results show that the sensor of the highest sensitivity is the second sensor 2.5 cm where it is about 0.31 for metal pipe and 0.25 for polymer pipe.
KEYWORDS: Optical fiber, Photonic Crystal Fiber PCF, Oil leakage detection, Wall thickness.
[FULL TEXT PDF 1-6]
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Using histological ultra-structural characteristic in gonads to study some Reproductive Biology of the Valamugail seheli (Forsskal 1775) from Sudanese Red Sea Coast
Badr Eldinn KH, Adam; Sheikheldin M. Elamin and Salah Eldeen Y.M. Habiballah
ABSTRACT
Valamugail seheli ( Forsskal 1775), are very widely distributed species of the family Mugilidae in Sudanese Red Sea Coast . Some aspects of the reproductive biology and histology of the gonads of Valamugail seheli were studied between 2008 and 2009. A total of 358 specimen Valamugil sehel were used during the study the total length range from 14 (cm) minimum to 44 (cm) maximum for males and from 12 (cm) to 43 (cm) for females. The present study described six maturity stages for gonad development based on external features and histological study of males/females for Valamugil sehel. The present study described the phases of gonad development and determined the spawning season and length at first maturity from morphological and histological study of the mentioned species. Spawning season is characterized by the presence of different individuals at different levels of maturity during the spawning period. Besides additional amount of sperms are always formed during the spawning period. Results showed that Valamugil seheli attains first sexual maturity at 26 cm ( total length) for males and at 27 cm for females at age of one year for both males and females. This study is a considerable need, and is an important matter to mange and regulate this species.
KEYWORDS:
[FULL TEXT PDF 7-27]
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Wear resistance of pulsed laser deposition of hydroxyapatite on Stainless Steel 316L
Abdul Wahid Rajih, Nawal Mohammed Dawood and Farah Sami Rasheed
ABSTRACT
Background: 316 l st.st. are frequently used as orthopedic implants because their mechanical properties and formability. Objective: This research aims to improve the surface of stainless steel by coating it by (HA). HA Used in this search pressed at pressure (150MPa) with partical size (2.745 μm) and used as a target in coating by (PLD) techniquesEffects of the number of pulses (3000,4500 and 6000) on the coating layer properties have been studied. Effects of the annealing temperature (450 0C) for one hour and Under an empty atmosphere on the coating layer properties have been studied, also. Surface characterization studies of the coatings. Results: results show The mechanical property of the coating was evaluated by Vickers micro hardness and wear test. XRD analysis of coated sample indicate the formation of the HA layer. SEM results shows evident improvement in microstructure and grow HA film with increasing in pulses number. In bioactivity test the percentage of (Ca ) and (P) are increased Significantly after 14 days immersion in SBF which Confirms that the samples are bioactive. From above results conclude that PLD coating processes may be used to modify the surface of the 316 l st .st implant advices. They can provide a bioactive HAP top layer with good electrochemical and biochemical stability in the human body environment. The wear resistance of the 316 l samples increased after HA coatings and its increased also as number of pulsed increase. Conclusion: Success of the study in the deposition of Hydroxyapatite (Ca10 (PO4)6 (OH)2) powders using pulse laser deposition on st.st 316L.2. The films micro hardness increased with increasing of number of pulses.A significant decrease in wear rate for coating sample was observed, It was (0.000062 cm3 ) after one hour compared with (0.00047 cm3) for the uncoated stainless steel sample .andAnother interesting increase in biocompatibility was achieved during the work for the coated sample compare to the uncoated 316 L stainless steel sample.
KEYWORDS: Photovoltaic (PV)
[FULL TEXT PDF 28-38]
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Estimate Groundwater Suitability for Drinking Purposes by using WQI Technique in Al-Teeb area- Maysan Governorate - South Iraq
Iman Al-Ali, Sattar Obaid, Wiam Hassan
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND Water quality index (WQI) technique is used to standardize a group of parameters to a common scale and combining large amount of data to a single number in an objective manner. OBJECTIVE: In this paper of WQI technique can describe in one word the water quality index which therefore represents the integrated effect of the concentration and the evaluation of the groundwater suitability within Al-Teeb area - Maysan Governorate south of Iraq for drinking purposes by applying Water Quality Index Technique on thirteen groundwater sample that analyzed physico chemically such as pH, Total hardness, Total dissolved solids, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Sulfate, and Nitrate. The principle for drinking water quality recommended by (IQS, 2009) and (WHO, 2007) have been applied for calculation of WQI. RESULTS: show that 2 of groundwater samples are classified as excellent water quality (W2, and W3), while the other two wells; (W1, W8) within class III (poor water); the other wells are ranged between very poor quality (W7,W9, W10 and W11), while the results of groundwater quality (W4, W5, W6, W12 and W13) are classified as unsuitable groundwater for drinking due to the higher value of total dissolved solids, Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, Cl-, and SO4-2 reflects that further action for salinity control is required. CONCLUION: About 80% of the groundwater samples are unsuitable for human drinking this attributed to the natural and anthropogenic activities originated mainly from agricultural and industrial activities in addition to the population communities.
KEYWORDS: Water quality index, Physico chemically, Groundwater, Al- Teeb area, poor water
[FULL TEXT PDF 39-44]
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