AEJSA Volume 18, Number 3: September, 2024
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Disease index of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. on commercial figs cultivation in Babylon province
IBasil Kandouh and Furqan Alabbasi , Mohammed Shedhan
ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to investigate the presence of root-knotted nematodes Meloidogyne spp. associated with the roots of fig Ficus carica trees in one of the most important fig-growing regions (Beni Muslim/Province of Babel) in Iraq. A total of 398 root and soil samples were collected suing the zigzag lines sampling method from 32 randomly selected orchards. All the orchards were infested with the RKN with a 100% infection rate, except for one orchard with 33%. The infection severity (rated based on the root gall index) ranged from 96 to 438 gall/10 g roots, with an average rate of 208 gall/10 g roots. As for RKN population density, a 1 g fig roots contained nematodes eggs or J2 ranging from 922- to 3820 with an overall average of 2007 egg-J2 per1 g root. The number of J2s recovered from 100 cm3 soil was also detected was also high and ranging from 48- to 216 with an average of 141 J2/100 g soil. The survey showed that the irrigation method (flooding) applied by farmers may be the main reason for the almost equal distribution of the root-knot nematode in the same orchard, and is the largest factor in nematode dissemination from one field to another. In addition, farmers also contributed increasing the problem by using ground young plants (suckers) from infected plants for expanding the orchard or establishing new orchards. The morphological diagnosis results of the RKN female's perineal pattern showed that the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita was the only species associated with the roots of fig trees in the samples surveyed under study. Despite the phenotypic variations in the perineal types in different samples of the same site and different locations, it was generally within the shape described for this species.
[ FULL TEXT PDF 1-6 ] DOI: 10.22587/aejsa.2024.18.3.1
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Biological study of the fig wax scale insect Ceroplastes rusci (L.) and its control in Najaf orchards/middle of Iraq
Karrar Taher Mahdi Al-Ameri
ABSTRACT: The study was conducted in Al-Haidariya area, Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf governorate, central Iraq, during the period 2020 until 2021 in order to study the effect of temperature and relative humidity on the population density of the fig wax scale insect Ceroplastes rusci. The field study showed that the insect is active during April until December, and then enters the period of winter hibernation during January until the end of March. The insect spreads on all parts and directions of fig trees, and the highest rate of appearance of the numerical density of the first nymph was in the month of October recording 114 insects/leaf, at average temperature of 26°C and relative humidity RH of 18. The lowest appearance was in July 6.5 insects/leaf at 36°C and RH of 16. The second nymph instar had the highest population in September 38.5 insect/leaf at 31°C and RH of 16 while the lowest rate was recorded in June, 12.9 insect/leaf at Temp. 31°C and RH of 18. Generally, highest rate of third stage nymphs was in September (20.2 insects/leaf) which was dropped in December to 4 insects/leaf at average temp. of 15 °C and RH of 56. While the highest rate of adult females 33.4 insects/leaf was in June compared to the lowest rate (5 insects/leaf) in December at temp. 15°C and RH 56. In general, the highest rate of the total insect density for all stages was 149.7 insect/leaf in October at 26°C and 18 RH compared to the lowest rate 39.8 insect/leaf in August at 35 °C and 13 RH. The study showed that the average number of eggs produced from an adult female range was 600 eggs/adult. As for the insect control, the highest population reduction of Ceroplastes rusci larvae and adults was 79% after 30 days of treatment with Evisket and mineral oil.
[ FULL TEXT PDF 7-14 ] DOI: 10.22587/aejsa.2024.18.3.2
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Controlling the Cyst nematodes Heterodera spp. on paddy rice using nematicides and biofertilizer
Zina H. J. Aridh and Wisam A. R. Al-Juaifari
ABSTRACT:A field experiment was conducted to control the Cyst Nematode parasitizing rice in one of the fields of the Abbasiya district, Najaf Governorate, using two chemical pesticides Velum (Fluopyram) and Nemakick (Imicyafos), the biopesticide Abamectin, and the bio-fertilizer Biohealth, with three replicates (plots) with a total of 15 plots, including the control treatment. The treatments were evaluated for their effects on cyst nematode population in infection severity and on plant growth and yield parameters. The results showed that the Biohealth fertilizer treatment and the velum pesticide treatment were the most efficient in reducing cyst densities by 43% and 37% and reducing J2s by 41% and 36% compared to the control treatment, respectively. Nemakick had relatively moderate efficacy, while Abamectin treatment was the least effective with a reduction of 24% and 27% in the cyst and J2s population, respectively. As for growth and yield measurements, the results showed that the plant height recorded the highest rate in the Bio-health treatment, while the highest rate for the weight of a thousand seeds was recorded in the Velum treatment, followed by Bio-health, then Nemakick and Abamectin, respectively, and with a clear difference for all treatments from the control, Nemakick recorded. The highest rate of number of seeds/ten ears followed: Velum, Abamectin, and Bio-health, respectively, with close values and a significant difference (P≤0.05) from the control treatment.
[ FULL TEXT PDF 15-22 ] DOI: 10.22587/aejsa.2024.18.3.3
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Potentials of wild mint Mentha longifolia leaf extract in controlling the Khapra beetle Trogoderma granarium
Mustafa H Abd and Rasha A Jawad
ABSTRACT:A series of laboratory experiments were conducted with the aim of evaluating the efficiency of the alcoholic extract of the wild mint plant, Mentha longifolia, in the percentage of death of the larval instars first, third, fifth, pupae, and adults of Trogoderma granarium, the percentage of seed weight loss, and the attractive and repulsive effect in the fifth larval instar and the adults. The results showed clear significant differences between the concentrations in killing the insect for all stages. The two concentrations 40 and 20 gave the highest percentages of death, with a percentage of 100% death. The alcoholic extract also showed significant differences in the percentage of grain loss, as the percentage of grain loss for the alcoholic extract reached 0, 0,0,45% respectively, at concentrations 40, 20, 10 mg.ml, while the control treatment recorded 5.45. The alcoholic extract showed an insect-repelling effect on adults and fifth-instar larvae, as the percentage of repelling adults of the alcoholic extract reached 72.5, 62.5, 60 %, while the percentage of repelling fifth-instar larvae reached 67.5, 65, 57.5.
[ FULL TEXT PDF 23-28 ] DOI: 10.22587/aejsa.2024.18.3.4
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A new species and four new records of the family Vespidae (Hymenoptera) from Iraq and key to Iraqi genera
Afrah Abdulzahra Aljassani, Razzaq Shalan Augul Mushtaq Al-Esawy
ABSTRACT:Taxonomic morphological study was conducted for Vespidae (Hymenoptera) in Iraq. Specimens were collected from different Provinces of Iraqi including Baghdad, Najaf, Karbala, Babil, Wasit, Qadisiya, Thi Qar, Basrah, Diyala, Saladin, Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, and Duhok. In current study 12 genera are identified; Parancistrocerus iraqensis sp. nov. is described and illustrated Asiodynerus Kurzenko, 1977, Knemodynerusexcellens Pérez 1907, Paraleptomenes Soika, 1970 and Polistesdominula (Christ, 1971) are recorded for first time in Iraq. .
[ FULL TEXT PDF 29-44 ] DOI: /10.22587/aejsa.2024.18.3.5
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