AEJSA Volume 18, Number 2: May, 2024
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In vitro evaluation of insecticide Cypermethrin and rosemary essential oil in controlling the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on okra
Haider H G AL-Challabi, Hussein R S Naji , Saleh H Althabhawi and Husham R. Meteab
ABSTRACT: The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the chemical pesticide Cypermethrin and rosemary essential oil (REO) at different concentrations on mortality percentage of nymphs and adults of the cotton aphid on okra crop in the laboratory. Practical experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Cypermethrin pesticide applied at concentrations of 0.5, 0.75 and 1 ml/L and REO applied at concentrations of 1, 1.5 and 2 ml/L on nymphs and adults of the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii on okra Abelmoschus esculentus. The results of the laboratory study showed that the pesticide Cypermethrin gave the best mortality rate in cotton aphid A. gossypii nymphs at a concentration of 1 ml.L-1 , reaching 96.28%, while the lowest rate was at a concentration of 0.5% which resulted in mortality of 77.77% after 72 hours of treatment. Cypermethrin effect on adult insects was similar to its effect on nymphs, as increased concentration resulted in higher mortality rate. As for REO, it recorded the highest percentage of mortality at a concentration of 2 ml/L for aphid nymphs and adults recording 84.00 and 75.00% three days post treatment, respectively, while the plant oil at 1 ml/L recorded the lowest mortality of 68% and 50.88% in aphid nymphs and adults, respectively. It was found that combination 1 + 2 and 1.5 + 1 ml/liter of Cypermethrin and REO resulted in the highestt mortality recording 100% nymph mortality and more that 93% adult mortality 72 hour post treatment of treatment. It is clear from the study that the effectiveness of the pesticide and vegetable oil increases with increasing concentration, that is, there is a direct relationship between the concentrations and the rate of death in the studied aphid insects.
[ FULL TEXT PDF 1-7 ] DOI:10.22587/aejsa.2024.18.2.1
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Efficacy of some nematicides and the commercial fertilizer Biohealth against citrus nematode Tylenchulus semipenetrans
Karar H Al-Faham and Basil H Kandouh
ABSTRACT: A field trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the nematicides Nemakick (Imicyafos) and Velum prime (Fluopyram), the biocide Abamectin and the probiotic Biohealth in reducing populations of the citrus nematode Tylenchulus semipenetrans in infested mandarin orchards and the effects of the treatments on the assess plant health. The experimental treatments were applied twice and evaluated over three months each. The first took place from October 2023 to December 2024, while the second took place from December 2024 to the end of April 2024. Nematode populations and reduction rates were calculated based on the number of adult nematodes in 1 g of roots and J2s in 250 g of soil. The results of both application runs demonstrated the effectiveness of all treatments in reducing the number of adult plants in infected roots. Biohealth and Velum prime treatments were more effective than other treatments and resulted in a 76.83% and 53.17% reduction in the nematode population, respectively. Although Nemakick and Abamectin treatments also reduced nematode populations (10.45% and 6.06% reduction, respectively), they were less effective. Regarding J2s nematode populations, all treatments showed effectiveness in reducing the number of J2s in 250 g of soil compared to the control. The biohealth treatment achieved the best results, reducing the J2 population by 74.94% and 86.01%, respectively. Nemakick, Velum prime, and abamectin treatments did not differ from each other, although the final reduction percentages were 56.25%, 64.43%, and 53.2%, respectively. The study also found improvements in total leaf chlorophyll content due to the treatments. Biohealth had the highest increase (109.1%), while Abamectin had the lowest increase (19.3%). This study highlights the potential of using low-cost and environmentally friendly biological formulations, particularly “Biohealth,” in this study to be comparable to the nematicides in reducing T. semipenetrans populations and improving crop performance.
[ FULL TEXT PDF 8-14 ] DOI:10.22587/aejsa.2024.18.2.2
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Quality and Diversification of Livestock Products in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia
Ilham Rasyid , Faisal Hasdin , Andi Suba , Khaerunnisa and A. Syafaat
ABSTRACT: Livestock products are the results of livestock businesses, which include various products from animal farming activities, such as meat, milk and eggs. There are also low-quality livestock products, namely products that do not meet quality standards in terms of cleanliness, nutritional content and consumption safety. To overcome this problem, diversification efforts are being made by changing feed patterns, improving sanitation, and developing processing methods. Through a journal review, it was concluded that diversifying the processing of livestock products such as meat, eggs and milk provides great benefits, including increased added value, new economic opportunities and a wider variety of products for consumers. By producing preparations such as meatballs, salted eggs, yogurt and kefir, the livestock industry can increase its competitiveness and meet various market needs.
[ FULL TEXT PDF 15-20 ] DOI:10.22587/aejsa.2024.18.2.3
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Neem Azadirachta indica saplings response to foliar Nano-NPK and ground treatment with three PGPR bacteria
Abbas A Hasson and Suleiman A H Mashkoor
ABSTRACT: This experiment was conducted at the research station of the College of Agriculture - University of Kufa in a 25% green-shade during the 2023 growing season for the period from March 20th to November 15th, 2023 to evaluate the response of neem young plants to root soil injection with three PGPR bacterial strains, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, or Azotobacter choococcum, and to foliar fertilization with neutral nano NPK (20-20-20) at three concentrations of 2, 4, and 6 g L-1 . The number of bacterial colonies was estimated 7 days post treatment and at the end of the experiment on 11/15/2023. The nanofertilizer was sprayed six times at an interval of 21 days. The effects of treatments on vegetative growth, root, and chemical indicators on seven-month-old neem seedlings, Azadirachta indica were studied. The experiment was a two factors (4×4) RCBD with three replicates, 16 experimental units five seedlings each, with a total of 80 seedlings. The results showed that root soil injection with any of the bacterial species under study or spraying the seedlings with Nano-NPK led to a significant increase in seedling growth indicators and the seedlings’ nutrient content. Bacillus subtilis had the highest effect on plant height and number of roots, while Pseudomonas fluorenscens led to the highest increase in number of leaves, and leaf content of carbohydrates and chlorophyll. On the other hand, the highest levels of nitrogen and potassium content in the leaves were recorded in the Azotobacter chroococcum treatment. Spraying with neutral NPK Nano-fertilizer showed a similar effect on the study indicators, which differed according to the concentration used. In general, the highest values were recorded when using nano-NPK at concentration of 6 g L-1 compared to the two lower concentrations and the control. The study showed that the highest values for all studied indicators were recorded in the interaction treatments of soil PGPR and Foliar Nano-NPK fertilizer. Where 6 gm L-1 Nano-NPK interacting with B. subtilis recorded the highest number of leaves, A. chroococcum interacting with Nano-NPK at 4 g L-1 recorded the highest leaf chlorophyll content, while the interactions between Azotobacter chroococcum and nano-NPK excelled at 6 gm l-1. In all other studied indicators.
[ FULL TEXT PDF 21-28 ] DOI:10.22587/aejsa.2024.18.2.4
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Efficacy of ground humic treatment and foliar SWE in improving chemical characteristics of olive seedlings Olea europaea Menznello’
Mohammed Jassim Mohammed Ganaweyi, Ghaleb Bhew Abud AL- Abbasii
ABSTRACT: The experiment was carried out during the 2023-2024 season to study the effect of five ground applications of four concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3 g.L-1 ) of fertilizing with humic acid or foliar spray with seaweed extract SWE on the growth of seedlings of olive Olea europaea variety Manzanillo. The experiment lasted for 9 months, with a total number of 144 saplings in 15 kg pots under 25% shade house conditions. The results showed that 3 g.L-1 of humic acid applied as soil drench led to a significant increase in all plant chemical characteristics compared to lower concentrations. Likewise, the results showed that spraying treatment with SWE at the same concentration led to significant differences for the treated seedlings in most vegetative and root growth traits compared to seedlings treated with lower concentrations. The findings also indicated that the interaction of humic fertilizer and spraying SWE had a significant effect on all the studied traits, as the soil drenching with 3 g.L-1 of humic acid interacted with foliar spray with 3 g.L-1 of SWE outperformed all the interactions and individual treatments, and led to the highest values of leaf content of chlorophyll (51.587 mg.100 g-1 fresh weight), carbohydrates (41.163 mg.g-1 DW), percentages protein (11.291%), nitrogen (1.8067%), phosphorus (0.5467%), and potassium (1.8167%). In the papers sequentially.
[ FULL TEXT PDF 29-33 ] DOI:10.22587/aejsa.2024.18.2.5
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